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The basicsLike so many famous songs of yore, 'The Star-Spangled Banner' started as a poem, called “The Defence of Fort McHenry.” It was written by Francis Scott Key in 1814 during the War of 1812. The stanzas recount the Battle of Baltimore, a days-long siege between British and American forces.The poem was set to a tune called “The Anacreontic Song,” which was composed in the late 1700s by a man named John Stafford Smith.

The song was linked to the Anacreontic Society, which was an amateur musician’s and singer’s club named after the Greek poet Anacreon.“The Star-Spangled Banner” wasn’t actually adopted as the official anthem of the United States until 1931, though it was already popular and had already been used by several American institutions by then. Meet the expertsHere are the experts who will help us dig into the song. On the night of September 13, 1814, Key witnessed part of the Battle of Baltimore from aboard a British war ship, where he was being held as a strategic prisoner. The next morning, he looked out and saw the flag rising above Fort McHenry, which moved him to write the poem.Clague: He can’t see it without light, and “dawn” and “light” become symbols – a sense of beaconing and lightness – of hope, goodness and optimism.

The energy of the new nation is already being foreshadowed. What so proudly we hail’d at the twilight’s last gleaming, Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight. The third verse is probably the most historically problematic verse. Key was a slave-owner with anti-abolitionist views, and in this verse he mentions slaves and their role in the battle – on both the American and British side.Leepson: You have to read the first three lines of this stanza together. I think Key’s talking about the Americans who went to the British side, who were predominantly enslaved people. That the havoc of war and the battle’s confusion A home and a Country should leave us no more?

In 1919, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) adopted Lift Ev’ry Voice and Sing as its official song, later renaming it the Negro national anthem before it was.

Their blood has wash’d out their foul footstep’s pollution. Leepson:To me, that’s Key reacting as a slave owner. The slaves leaving to join the British is the unpatriotic act that he calls the “perilous flight,” and he threatens them with the “gloom of the grave.” To summarize his feelings about it: At the very least, these are not the sentiments of a man who has warm feelings about slaves or enslaved people and those who flew to the side of the British. And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave. Leepson: In the first line, Key uses “freemen,” and three lines later, he uses “us.” But “us” doesn’t include African-Americans. But I don’t think this poem is pro-slavery as much as it’s anti-slaves who went to the British side.

And, again, “the land of the free” excludes a million enslaved people, several of whom Key himself owned.Clague: The lyric ends with triumph and optimism, going from a question in the first stanza to ending with an exclamation point. It’s a wave of patriotism that sweeps the country, and the exclamation is a guide to the future in some ways.This lyric, which to us today feels like a sacred statement of who we are as a nation, in 1814 is a vision of a founding son for what he hopes the nation can become. And in some ways, we’re still trying to live up to the hope and patriotism of our anthem. It’s not a statement of who we are, but what we hope to become.Design and development by India Hayes and Curt Merrill.